Key Facts
• China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) rebounded in 2025 after economic slowdown.
• New investments and construction contracts in H1 2025 reached $124 billion, a record high.
• Africa led regional investments with $39 billion, a fivefold increase from 2024.
• Central Asia followed with $25 billion, driven by mineral-related projects in Kazakhstan.
• Resource-related sectors, including energy and minerals, accounted for nearly 60% of BRI investments.
• Technology investments in green energy, EVs, and batteries are growing as key industries.
• Transportation infrastructure dropped to 7% of total BRI investments, down from 28% in 2018.
• China’s cautious approach aims to avoid “debt traps” and unprofitable projects.
• Developing nations’ debt repayments to China are projected to hit $35 billion in 2025.
• Poorer countries owe $22 billion, raising concerns over China’s image as a creditor.
Summary
China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has regained momentum in 2025, with investments reaching a record $124 billion in the first half of the year. The focus has shifted from transportation infrastructure to resource-related sectors, such as energy and minerals, which now account for nearly 60% of total investments. Africa and Central Asia are key regions, with significant projects in Nigeria and Kazakhstan. Meanwhile, technology investments in green energy and electric vehicles are expanding, reflecting China’s strategy to counter domestic economic stagnation and strengthen global supply chains. Transportation infrastructure, once a hallmark of BRI, has significantly declined due to concerns over “debt traps” and unprofitable projects. Developing nations’ debt repayments to China are expected to peak in 2025, posing challenges to China’s international image. The shift in BRI priorities highlights China’s strategic adjustments under President Xi Jinping’s leadership.
